One of the factors that can be the link between our intentions and actions and their external consequences is human agency, which indicates the conscious design and intentional execution of actions by the individual in order to influence future events.Objective and Method: This research with a developmental approach of psychometric method and method 1, examines the psychometric indices of the Human Factor Characteristics Scale using the classical theory of test score measurement and the graduated question-answer theory. The purpose of this study, which included high school students in Tehran, was selected by cluster sampling of 500 people as a sample size and statistical analysis was performed on 481 data. To collect the data, the ion Human Agent Characteristics Scale (2011) was used and the research questions were evaluated using IRTPRO and SPSS software.Results:The assumption of local independence based on Pearson x2 index was established by applying Simjima's calibrated question-answer theory and the assumption of being one-dimensional based on the analysis of multidimensional question-answer theory. Diagnosis parameters with question-answer approach and classical approach Test score Both item 25 approach had the lowest and item 2 had the highest diagnosis parameter. The answer thresholds for all the questions were so far apart that no option was covered by the other option, and the options were independently selected by individuals at intervals of theta. The total scale was calculated with Cronbach's alpha of 0.945, intentionality of 0.894, foresight of 0.780, self-reactivity of 0.871 and rethinking of 0.762. Also, the role of each item in internal consistency was investigated by the loop method, which all questions had a favorable role in internal consistency of this scale. The value of the validity coefficient obtained from the question-answer theory was obtained by marginal method for intentionality 0.92, forethought 0.85, self-reaction 0.91, rethinking 0.83..

This paper examines the work of Immanuel Kant in the light of a new theory on the nature of truth, knowledge and falsehood (the Inversion Theory of Truth). Kant’s idea that knowledge could be absolutely certain, and that its truth must correspond with reality, is discredited by a dissection of the Correspondence Theory of Truth. This examination of the nature of truth, as well as knowledge and falsehood, is conducted with reference to Sir Karl Popper’s writings on regulative ideas, the criterion of demarcation and the principle of falsifiability. It is argued that if truth is to be regarded as certain, it should be used to describe objects and events in the objective (noumenal) state, and that subjective knowledge must contain (and is improved by) falsehood. Perceptions and knowledge are obtained by the biological and evolutionary process of Active Subjectivism. Ideas we have knowledge of can be metaphysical or scientific, according to Popper’s Criterion of Demarcation. Kant’s “Copernican revolution” claim that our intellect imposes absolutely true laws on nature could not allow for the possibility that ideas might be constructed from fallible perceptions, and hence that all knowledge is uncertain. Instead, he developed a Critique of Practical Reason in which religion, though not provable through logical reasoning, could be proved by our innate moral sense, giving us a Categorical Imperative that could lead to perverse results. By rejecting the absolute certainty of a priori knowledge, and admitting a degree of essential falsehood, we arrive at a more reasonable grounding for moral behavior.

Considering the fact that the words in the intra-religious attitude are considered in two ways, the first is towards jurisprudential words and the second is a rational and conceptual view focusing on their meanings. we have tried to deal with one of the most important issues of intra-religious attitude with a rational approach by descriptive and analytical method, which is the category of "hermeneutic interpretation" of words, especially the most influential idea of interpretation & that is the view of the "spirit of meaning" of Ghazali. After Ghazali, Ibn Arabi used this theory of Ghazali regarding the development of meaning in creating his new idea, and by re-reading Ghazali's idea with a mystical approach, he presented his own theory regarding the expansion of meaning. While accepting the argument of the focal point of the theory of the spirit of meaning, he removes it from the exclusivity to the "linear", and for this purpose, he brought up arguments as well as the Conditions of Hermeneutic Interpretation in this regard. Ibn Arabi's arguments on transversal interpretation include new formulations in the argument, which after him, this theory was favored and accepted by Mulla Sadra, and then it was accepted by his students.

The intellect is the distinguishing feature of man from animals which has not been found anything more harmful than wine for intellect and the descent of man into the position of animalism is the result of that. Wine has always been forbidden in the heavenly religions based on this, however, the time and manner of declaring its prohibition in Islam has led to the confrontation of two viewpoints in the instant prohibition with the intoxicate of sleep in the sense of the state of being intoxicated (Arabic: سُکارَی) in verse 4:43 An-Nisāʾ (Arabic: النساء, An-Nisāʾ) and gradual prohibition with the intoxicate of wine. The findings of this research by a library study and descriptive analytical method indicate the accuracy of the theory of instant prohibition with Quranic, narrational proofs and rational confirmations and historical evidence in declaring the prohibition of wine in Makkī (Arabic: المکّیّ, suras revealed in Mecca) verses in early Biʿtha (Arabic: بِعثة) and its emphasizing in verse 5:90 Al-Maʾidah (Arabic: المائدة, Al-Māʾidah). In contrast, the inaccuracy of the theory of gradual prohibition of wine was proved due to its content contradiction and opposition to the Holy Book of Quran, because it is stated, on the one hand, that wine in the first stage was forbidden during the prayer time with the revelation of verse 43 of An-Nisāʾ, the sixth Madanī (Arabic: المدنیّ, suras revealed in Medina) surah in order to justify the gradual theory with the gradual rational law, but on the other hand, it is stated to the absolute prohibition of wine in its verse 219 and also in some Makkī verses by violating the law of gradualness, by declaring that Surah Al-Baqarah is one of the first Madanī Chapters (suras) according to consensus that was revealed after the Hijrah (Arabic: الهجرة). Consequently, the occasions or circumstances of revelations in Sunni exegeses by negation the intoxication of wine in gradual theory have subjective exit from this verse for the motivation of defense of drinking wine of some people and the unjust attribution to others by incorrect justifying the allowance of wine until the revelation of verse 43 of An-Nisāʾ in Medina. Therefore, the distinction between declaring the prohibition of wine in Mecca in early Biʿtha and the delay of several years of execution of Ḥadd (fixed punishment) of Khmer (the drinking of alcohol, shurb khamr) in Medina in instant theory, in addition to creating strong motivation in leaving and religious final notice has also been a kind of educational method of Islam. While the announcement of the absolute prohibition of wine at the same time as the implementation of its Ḥadd (fixed punishment) with the revelation of verse 90 of Al-Maʾidah from the last Madanī Surahs (Surah Madaniyah) or Madani chapters in the gradual theory is against the educational method expected by them. The unjustifiable consumption of some companions of drinking wine in Medina until the revelation of the prohibition verse in addition to the achievement of the Quranic theory of Saib Tabrizi (Persian: صائب تبریزی, Romanized: Ṣāʾib Tabrīzī) is among the consequences of proving instant theory of the prohibition wine.

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1هدف پژوهش حاضر، تحلیل انتقادی گفتمان صلح جهانی در کتب درسی نظام آموزشی ایران با تکیه بر نظریه­ی هویت یابی لاکلا و موف است. به همین منظور، کتب درسی میان سال های 1357-1392 (دوره­ی ابتدایی و دبیرستان دوره­ی اول) مورد تحلیل قرار گرفته است. این مقاله، با روش ترکیبی تحلیل گفتمان فرکلاف، لاکلا و موف و با محوریت سؤال های ذیل، انجام شده است: جایگاه گفتمان صلح جهانی در اسناد آموزشی این دوران، چه وضعیتی داشته است؟ مواد آموزشی مذبور، درصدد خلق چه سوژه هایی هستند؟ گفتمان های سیاسی غالب در این دوران، چه نقشی در شکل دهی هویت در این سوژه ها داشته اند؟ یافته ها، نشان می دهد که گفتمان صلح جهانی در کتب و اسناد آموزشی، به دلیل مرزبندی میان اسلامی و غیر اسلامی، داخلی و خارجی، طرد شده است. فرایندهای قدرت، درصدد خلق سوژه هایی مبارز و منتقم با هویت نظامی مآب بوده­اند. عامل اقناع سوژه ها، بدیهی سازی ایدئولوژی های انقلاب با ماهیت اسلامی است. همچنین محتوای آموزشی با القای ایدئولوژی های خاص دفاعی، هویت هایی صلح گریز در تمام ابعاد فردی، میان فردی، اجتماعی و بین المللی را شکل داده است.

تاکنون روایت های متفاوتی درخصوص ماهیت علم و فعالیت علمی ارایه شده است. روی بسکار که از پیشگامان واقع گرایی انتقادی است با انتشار کتاب نظریه ای واقع گرا درباره علم درصدد ایجاد یک انقلاب کوپرنیکی در فلسفه علم است که به نظر می رسد به خوبی از پس آن برآمده است. او برای این منظور به برجسته سازی مباحث هستی شناسی و توجه هم زمان به ماهیت اجتماعی دانش می پردازد. بسکار در این کتاب که کتابی اصیل و حاوی استدلال های قوی و نظریه های بدیع در فلسفه علم است ضمن انتقاد از برخی مکاتب فلسفی و تبیین نظریه علم خود، به مقولات مهمی نیز در فلسفه علم اشاره می کند. این اشارات او که با پشتوانه فلسفی مطرح می شود برای یک محقق در حیطه فلسفه بسکار بسیار الهام بخش خواهد بود. از مهم ترین این مقولات می توان به ملازم دانستن واقع گرایی هستی شناختی و نسبی گرایی معرفت شناختی و هم چنین نقد نظریه صدق تارسکی توسط بسکار اشاره کرد. هدف از این مقاله که به روش توصیفی-تحلیلی انجام شده، بررسی مهم ترین اثر فلسفه علم طبیعی بسکار و یافتن نقاط ضعف و قوت این اثر است. این کار ضمن مروری مبسوط بر کل کتاب، در وجوه مختلف صوری، کیفی و محتوایی انجام شده است. در پایان مقاله، چند پیشنهاد کاربردی نیز ارایه می گردد.

1پژوهش حاضر باهدف تدوین و اعتباریابی بسته آموزشی درس دین و زندگی پایه دهم مبتنی بر تئوری انتخاب انجام شد. روش پژوهش برای مرحله طراحی و تدوین بسته آموزشی، روش توصیفی – تحلیلی با رویکرد سنتزپژوهی آمیخته بود. مضامین اصلی بسته آموزشی و زمان موردنیاز برای آموزش برگرفته از منابع کتبی همچون الگوی مدارس گیلانت گرمار و مقالات و طرح های پژوهشی داخلی و خارجی بود. برای روایی یابی بسته، ضمن استفاده از روش روایی صوری، از روش روایی محتوایی به شیوه کیفی و کمی با پانل خبرگان 14 نفری  استفاده شد. 14 نفر از متخصصان به عنوان جامعه آماری در نظر گرفته شد که 10 نفر در حوزه روان شناسی و دو نفر در حوزه برنامه ریزی درسی و دو نفر هم در حوزه تعلیم وتربیت بودند و از دو ضریب نسبی روایی محتوا و شاخص روایی محتوا استفاده شد. حداقل و حداکثر میزان ضریب نسبی روایی محتوا برای هر آیتم بسته .71/0 و 1 محاسبه شد و میزان شاخص روایی محتوا در عمده جلسات به سمت عدد (85/0)برای تمامی هدف ها در پروتکل آموزشی به دست آمد. نتایج نشان داد بسته آموزشی درس دین و زندگی مبتنی بر تئوری انتخاب برای دانش آموزان پایه دهم از روایی صوری و محتوایی مناسبی بهره مند است و روایی لازم را برای کاربردهای آموزشی و استفاده پژوهشی دارد.